Our Treatment

Eye examinations are more than just reading letters off a chart; it’s a comprehensive health check for your precious eyes. Early detection of eye conditions, even those without noticeable symptoms, can make all the difference in preserving your sight. Think of it as a tune-up for your visual system, ensuring everything is working in harmony. Regular eye exams can help prevent vision loss, keep your prescription up-to-date, and even reveal underlying health issues.

Your Comprehensive Eye Examination (for first time Ophthalmology patients) with Gen Eye TCM typically involves the following ocular diagnostic test components:

• Autorefraction: an automated machine to objectively measure your refraction error (if any)
• Visual Acuity Test: the classic eye chart test, measuring how sharp your vision is at various distances
• Ocular Motility Test: checks for your eye muscles coordination
• Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) Test: uses a penlight to observe your pupillary light reflex, revealing potential issues with optic nerve or retina
• Colour Vision Test: tests your ability to perceive differences in light wavelengths to evaluate the function of cone cells in your retina
• Red Saturated Test: assesses optic nerve function by comparing the perceived brightness and vividness of a red object between your two eyes
• Amsler Chart Test: uses a grid chart to detect visual disturbances caused by damage to your macula or optic nerve
• Tonometry: measures the pressure inside your eye, important for detecting Glaucoma
• Slit-Lamp Examination: uses a microscope with mild bright light to examine the structures of the anterior of your eye, including the eyelids, tear film, cornea, iris, lens, and van herrick angles, important to evaluate conditions such as Dry Eye Disease, Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, Cataracts, Glaucoma risks
• Tear Break-up Time Test: uses a harmless, yellow-orange fluorescein dye to evaluate the stability and quality of your tear film, important for diagnosing Dry Eye Disease
• Retinal Examination (Fundus Photography): taking a photograph to see the back of your eye, including the retina, optic nerve, macula and blood vessels, helps detect conditions like Glaucoma, Macular Degeneration, and Diabetic Retinopathy
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): non-invasive imaging technique that provides detailed, cross-sectional images of the retina, optic nerve, and other structures in the back of your eye like an “optical ultrasound” which uses light waves instead of sound waves to create images
• Visual Field Screening Test: checks the extent of your central and peripheral (side) vision and detects any areas of visual loss, indicating various eye or neurological conditions

Regular eye examinations are recommended for everyone, with frequency depending on age, health, and risk factors.  So, prioritize your eye health, schedule that check-up, and keep your world in sharp focus. Your eyes will thank you!

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent eye condition primarily affecting older adults aged 50 and above, leading to significant central vision loss. Its risk factors are multifaceted, encompassing age, race, inherent eye characteristics, systemic diseases like hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and arteriosclerosis, lifestyle factors such as smoking and nutritional deficiencies, and genetic predisposition. AMD is classified into two main types: dry (non-exudative or atrophic) and wet (exudative).

Dry AMD, characterized by the gradual accumulation of drusen, pigment changes, and retinal atrophy, progresses slowly, resulting in a gradual decline in vision, often presenting with a “gold foil” appearance in the macula and geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Conversely, wet AMD involves the rapid growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina, leading to recurrent exudation, hemorrhage, fibrovascular scarring, pigmentary disturbances, and neovascularization, causing swift and severe vision loss. Western medical interventions for AMD typically focus on inhibiting the growth of these abnormal blood vessels, using treatments like intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF drugs, photodynamic therapy (PDT), or surgery. 

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terms AMD as “视瞻昏渺” and views it as a consequence of age-related decline in organ function, Deficiency of the Liver and Kidneys, weakness of the Spleen and Qi, imbalances in Qi and Blood, and the accumulation of Phlegm and Dampness. Dry AMD is predominantly characterized by deficiency patterns, related to insufficiency of Qi and Blood, and deficiency of the Liver and Kidneys, while wet AMD is often characterized by a combination of underlying deficiency and superficial excess, with underlying deficiency involving Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency, Yin Deficiency with Fire Excess, and insufficiency of Qi and Blood, and superficial excess involving internal obstruction of Blood Stasis and blockage of collaterals by Phlegm and Dampness. Therefore, the TCM treatment approaches vary depending on the specific type of AMD and the underlying causes. 

Generally, it is suggested to wear a sun hat and sunglasses in strong sunlight environment, and wear a filter lens in snowy or watery areas to protect your eyes from light damage.

Asthenopia, commonly known as digital eye strain, is a condition characterized by a range of symptoms that arise from prolonged or intense use of the eyes. These symptoms primarily manifest as eye distension, weakness of the eyelids, blurred vision, headaches, brow bone pain, eye fatigue, discomfort, pain, and dry eyes, often accompanied by a feeling of heaviness. In severe cases, it can be accompanied by nausea, with symptoms improving or disappearing after rest.

Asthenopia is frequently triggered by activities that require sustained visual focus, such as reading, computer work, or driving. The underlying causes can vary, encompassing factors like uncorrected refractive errors, inadequate lighting, prolonged screen time, dry eye syndrome, and even stress. While asthenopia is generally not indicative of a serious eye disease, it can significantly impact daily life and productivity. Effective management involves addressing the underlying causes, which may include corrective lenses, ergonomic adjustments to workspaces, regular breaks from visual tasks, and the use of lubricating eye drops.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terms asthenopia as “Tired Eyes” (“目倦”) and attributes the pathogenesis of this condition to various factors, including: Yang Deficiency and Qi Deficiency, where Yang Qi fails to ascend to nourish the eyes; Yin Deficiency and Blood Deficiency, where Yin Blood fails to nourish the eyes; obstruction of the “Xuan Fu” (a TCM concept related to the body’s orifices), leading to malnourishment of the eyes; depletion of Kidney Essence, resulting in a lack of nourishment for the “clear orifices” (eyes); or over usage of the eyes causing a depletion of Qi and Yin, resulting in Deficiency Fire to affect the eyes. 

Blepharospasm is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive contractions of the muscles surrounding the eyes, leading to excessive blinking, twitching, and in severe cases, the forceful closure of the eyelids. This condition, often classified as a form of focal dystonia, typically affects both eyes and can range in severity from mild discomfort to significant visual impairment, impacting daily activities and quality of life. While the exact cause is frequently unknown, contributing factors can include neurological dysfunction, stress, fatigue, and environmental triggers like bright light.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Blepharospasm is termed as “胞轮振跳” which is involuntary eyelid twitching, often in the upper eyelid, is attributed to imbalances like Liver and Spleen Blood Deficiency, leading to internal Wind, or Heart and Spleen Qi and Blood Deficiency, causing muscle malnourishment. These imbalances result in uncontrollable eyelid twitching, worsened by fatigue and eye strain, and sometimes accompanied by facial twitching. Mild cases may resolve naturally, while frequent twitching requires herbal medicine and acupuncture.

A Cataract is the clouding of the eye’s natural lens, situated behind the iris and pupil, which normally focuses light onto the retina for clear vision. This clouding occurs when proteins within the lens clump together, obstructing and scattering light, leading to symptoms like blurred vision, glare, faded colors, and difficulty seeing at night.

While aging is the most common cause of cataracts, other contributing factors include diabetes, eye injuries, prolonged use of corticosteroids, and excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. Cataracts typically develop slowly and may not initially interfere with vision, but they can eventually progress to significant visual impairment. The most effective treatment for cataracts is surgical intervention, during which the clouded lens is removed and replaced with a clear artificial lens, thereby restoring clear vision.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Cataract is termed as “圆翳内障”.  The pathogenesis of cataract is related to various factors. Firstly, weakness due to aging and insufficiency of the Liver and Kidneys can lead to deficiency of Essence (Jing) and Blood, which fails to adequately nourish the lens, thus causing it to become cloudy. Secondly, Deficiency of Yin and Blood can generate Deficiency Heat, which ascends and scorches the lens, also resulting in cloudiness. Additionally, in elderly individuals, Spleen Deficiency and Qi Weakness can impair the transportation and transformation functions, leading to inadequate distribution of Essence and the inability to fully nourish the lens, causing cloudiness. Furthermore, internal Dampness can ascend and flood the lens, or Liver Heat can disturb the eye orifices, both of which can lead to gradual clouding of the lens.

For patients with early-stage cataracts, TCM can use herbal medicine to control or slow down the progression of lens cloudiness. However, when the lens cloudiness is severe or complete, or when the patient feels that the cloudiness is affecting their daily life or work, surgical treatment should be considered.

Retinal Artery Occlusion, encompassing both Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) and Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO), represents a serious ophthalmological condition characterized by the interruption of retinal arterial blood flow. This interruption causes acute ischemia and hypoxia in the retinal tissue, leading to sudden and severe vision loss or a significant decrease in vision, often described as an “eye stroke” due to its abrupt onset and potential for irreversible damage.

Predominantly affecting the elderly, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1, it typically manifests in one eye. Clinical signs include sudden, painless vision loss, retinal edema with a whitish appearance, and a cherry-red spot in the macula. Risk factors are closely associated with cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and other conditions that impair blood flow. Western medical treatments involve thrombolysis, laser therapy, and surgical interventions. While there is no universally effective cure, prompt medical attention is critical, as early interventions like lowering intraocular pressure or attempting to dislodge the blockage may be attempted within the first few hours. 

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the condition of retinal artery occlusion is referred to as “Network Obstruction Sudden Blindness” (“络阻暴盲”). It is believed that its pathogenesis is complex and varied, primarily including the following aspects: emotional agitation leading to disordered Qi and Blood circulation, resulting in blood network obstruction; improper diet with excessive fatty, sweet, dry, or spicy foods, leading to internal Phlegm-Heat and blockage of blood vessels; aging with Yin Deficiency in the Liver and Kidneys, causing Liver Yang to rise, Qi and Blood to flow in the wrong direction, and stagnation in the meridians; and Deficiency of Heart Qi, resulting in weak propulsion, slow blood flow, and blood vessel obstruction.

After emergency interventions with Western medicine, TCM is often used as an adjunctive therapy to manage residual symptoms and promote recovery, and it is considered most effective when initiated within the first month of onset.

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) is a common hemorrhagic fundus disease, predominantly affecting middle-aged and elderly individuals, characterized by the blockage of the central retinal vein, the main vein draining blood from the retina. This blockage leads to blood and fluid buildup, causing retinal swelling and damage, typically resulting in sudden, painless vision loss in one eye.

CRVO, along with Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO), presents with complex etiologies and pathogeneses, including risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, glaucoma, and blood clotting disorders. It is categorized into ischemic (severe) and non-ischemic (less severe) types. The most common complication is cystoid macular edema, causing significant central vision loss, and in severe cases, retinal neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, and neovascular glaucoma, leading to blindness. Diagnosis involves comprehensive eye exams, including fundus photography and OCT. Treatment focuses on managing complications using anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or corticosteroids, alongside addressing primary diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and inflammation, and avoiding risk factors such as smoking. 

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terms RVO as “络瘀暴盲” and attributes the disease to Liver Qi Stagnation, Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency, internal Dampness and Phlegm, and blood circulation issues, advocating for treatments that activate blood circulation, remove stasis, and dredge collaterals. A combined TCM and Western medicine approach is widely used by patients today, with laser therapy and intraocular injections complementing TCM when necessary.

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC) is an eye condition characterized by fluid accumulation under the retina, particularly in the macula, leading to blurred or distorted central vision. This occurs due to increased permeability of the choroidal blood vessels, resulting in secondary damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and localized detachment of the retinal neuroepithelium. While the exact cause is often unknown, stress and corticosteroid use are common risk factors.

CSC predominantly affects young to middle-aged men, typically in one eye, and while often resolving spontaneously, recurrence is possible and can worsen vision. Clinical manifestations include varying degrees of vision loss, metamorphopsia (distorted vision), micropsia (objects appearing smaller), and central scotoma (a blind spot). Fundus examination reveals a round or oval detachment with clear or turbid fluid, potentially accompanied by subretinal deposits and small serous RPE detachments. Western medical treatment focuses on reducing choroidal permeability, sealing RPE leakage, and promoting fluid absorption, utilizing methods such as laser photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy. Early detection and regular monitoring are crucial for managing CSC and preserving vision.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) refers to this condition as “Shi Zhan You Se” (“视瞻有色”), believing its pathogenesis is complex and may be related to the following factors: excessive thinking leading to Spleen and Stomach dysfunction, causing Dampness Stagnation; emotional stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation, transforming into Heat over time, with Damp-Heat disturbing the clear orifices; or Liver and Kidney Deficiency, insufficient Essence (Jing) and Blood, resulting in malnourishment of the eyes.

TCM’s herbal medicine and acupuncture have certain advantages in helping this condition, but the treatment course is relatively long, potentially taking more than half a year from the start of medication to the disappearance of inflammation and the formation of scar tissue (pathological healing). However, some patients experience persistent conditions and significant vision decline, requiring active treatment.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina. As diabetes progresses, high blood sugar levels can damage these vessels, leading to leakage, blockage, and the growth of abnormal new vessels. DR is classified into non-proliferative (NPDR), where blood vessels leak and cause swelling or bleeding, and proliferative (PDR), where abnormal new vessels grow on the surface of the retina, posing a risk of severe vision loss through bleeding or retinal detachment. Early detection and management of DR are crucial for preventing blindness in individuals with diabetes.   

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TMC) classifies diabetes as “Xiao Ke Bing” (消渴病), and considers diabetic retinopathy (DR) as “Xiao Ke Mu Bing” (消渴目病). It attributes the causes to Yin Deficiency, dietary imbalances, emotional fluctuations, and overexertion. The main syndromes throughout the course of the disease are Deficiency of both Qi and Yin, along with Blood Stasis obstructing the collaterals. TCM treatment emphasizes individualized adjustments and recommends integrating Western medicine approaches such as laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF intravitreal injections when necessary, to maximize the preservation of the patient’s vision.

Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a chronic condition characterized by insufficient or poor-quality tears that fail to adequately lubricate the eye’s surface. This disruption of the tear film leads to a range of uncomfortable symptoms, including burning, stinging, a gritty sensation, blurred vision, and even paradoxical tearing as the eye attempts to compensate for the dryness.

DED can stem from various factors, such as aging, hormonal changes, environmental conditions, prolonged screen use, and underlying medical conditions. Unlike occasional dry eye, DED is persistent and can potentially damage the cornea if left untreated, necessitating ongoing management with lubricating eye drops, lifestyle adjustments, and, in some cases, medical interventions.

This condition is known in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as “白涩症,” characterized by a sensation of dryness and discomfort in the eyes, without redness or swelling of the sclera, and in severe cases, blurred vision. It can be categorized into two main causes: tear deficiency and excessive tear evaporation. For those unresponsive to medication, punctal plugs (tear duct blockage) may be performed. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a primary cause of evaporative dry eye, while blepharitis (eyelid inflammation) can also lead to excessive tear evaporation, tear film instability, and increased tear osmolarity, ultimately resulting in DED.

From a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) perspective, the causes of DED are complex, involving both external environmental factors and internal bodily imbalances. Specifically, prolonged exposure to dry, windy, and dusty environments, or an inherent Deficiency of Lung Yin, can easily lead to Dryness and Heat invading the eyes, causing them to lose moisture. Additionally, emotional disharmony, Liver Fire, chronic illness, age-related weakness, and excessive eye strain can all deplete the body’s fluids and essence, depriving the eyes of adequate nourishment. In some cases, improper treatment of other eye conditions can leave residual heat lingering, hidden within the Lung and Spleen meridians.

TCM believes that acupuncture is a convenient and effective treatment for DED, as it can stimulate acupoints to promote tear secretion, enhance tear film stability, and thus alleviate symptoms. When combined with internal herbal medicine, the therapeutic effect is even more significant.

Epiphora, or excessive tearing, is a condition characterized by an overflow of tears onto the face, often due to either overproduction of tears or a blockage in the tear drainage system. Overproduction can be triggered by eye irritation, allergies, or infections, while blockages can result from narrowed tear ducts, inflammation, or foreign objects. This persistent tearing can lead to discomfort, blurred vision, and skin irritation etc.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terms Epiphora as “流泪症” and believes the primary causes and mechanisms of Epiphora are categorized into three types: firstly, Liver Blood Deficiency leading to weakened tear duct closure and the invasion of external wind; secondly, Spleen Qi Deficiency resulting in insufficient Qi and Blood, preventing the proper containment of tears; and thirdly, Deficiency of both the Liver and Kidneys, causing the tears to lose their constraint. Treatment methods vary depending on whether the tear ducts are blocked, with herbal medicine and acupuncture used for cases without blockage, and surgery recommended for blocked tear ducts.

Floaters, or vitreous opacities, refer to a condition where the external appearance of the eye is normal, but the individual perceives black shadows resembling mosquitoes, flies, or clouds floating and dancing in front of their eyes, and in severe cases, experiences blurred vision. The causes of this condition can be categorized into three types: inflammation of the uvea, retina, or posterior sclera; degenerative lesions of the vitreous body, such as age-related or high myopia-related degenerative changes (mostly liquefied opacities) and rare hereditary vitreoretinal diseases; and congenital abnormalities of the vitreous body. 

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terms Floaters as “云雾移睛” and believes, according to the Five Wheels theory of TCM Ophthalmology, that the pupil belongs to the Kidney, which governs water, hence it’s called the “Water Wheel.” In TCM, modern medical fundus diseases and vitreous opacities are considered internal disorders of the pupil. The statements “the Liver opens into the eyes” and “when the Liver is harmonious, the eyes can distinguish colors” indicate the close relationship between the Liver, Kidneys, and eyes. Therefore, nourishing the Liver and Kidneys is an effective treatment for vitreous opacities. The “divine gel” within the eye is transformed from Kidney Essence and Qi, and the eye is the orifice of the Liver. Turbidity of the divine gel is caused by Kidney Deficiency and Liver Blood Deficiency. The Kidney stores Essence, and the Liver stores Blood. Insufficiency of the Liver and Kidneys results in the loss of nourishment to the clear orifices, leading to vitreous opacities and other diseases. TCM treatment has shown some efficacy in reducing degenerative changes of the vitreous body.

In simpler terms, floaters may be caused by eye inflammation, vitreous body diseases, or congenital abnormalities, leading to the perception of black shadows or blurred vision. TCM believes this condition is related to Liver and Kidney dysfunction and can be improved by nourishing the Liver and Kidneys, showing some efficacy in managing vitreous body degeneration.

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, which is essential for transmitting visual information, often caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). This damage leads to progressive and irreversible vision loss, making glaucoma a leading cause of blindness, accounting for approximately 5.3% to 21% of all blindness cases. It is primarily classified into open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma.

Open-angle glaucoma is a multifactorial optic neuropathy characterized by changes in the optic disc and visual field. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this corresponds to the concept of “Green Wind Inner Obstruction,” (“青风内障”) characterized by gradual, often asymptomatic, vision loss. TCM attributes the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma to factors such as congenital deficiency, decline of Kidney fire, Spleen Yang Deficiency, internal Damp-Phlegm, Liver Qi Stagnation, and Liver-Kidney Yin Deficiency. These factors obstruct the meridians in the eyes, impairing the circulation of aqueous humor.

Angle-closure glaucoma is caused by the closure of the anterior chamber angle, leading to a rapid increase in IOP and acute symptoms like severe eye pain, blurred vision, and sometimes nausea. Both open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma can lead to blindness if left untreated. TCM terms angle-closure glaucoma as “绿风内障” and attributes the pathogenesis of it to factors such as invasion of pathogenic Heat, exuberant Liver and Gallbladder Fire, emotional agitation, and Spleen Dampness producing phlegm, all of which obstruct the eye’s fluid circulation and impede the drainage of aqueous humor.

TCM uses Chinese medicine to complement conventional IOP-lowering treatments, aiming to regulate the patient’s overall condition, stabilize IOP, and improve visual function. Regular eye examinations are crucial for early detection and treatment, as the disease often progresses without noticeable symptoms until significant vision loss occurs. In addition to considering factors like the patient’s condition, age, and personality, the long-term management of this chronic disease should also address the impact of emotional fluctuations and psychological changes on IOP, utilizing TCM for regulation.

High Myopic Degenerations, also known as high myopia fundus lesions, represent a spectrum of degenerative changes occurring in the back of the eye (retina) due to severe nearsightedness (pathological myopia). Unlike simple myopia, which is primarily a refractive error, pathological myopia involves progressive elongation of the eyeball, leading to stretching and thinning of the retinal tissues. This stretching induces a cascade of pathological changes, including the development of obvious myopic crescent atrophy, where the retinal pigment epithelium at the optic disc edge becomes exposed, and a tessellated or “leopard-spot” appearance due to thinning of the retinal pigment epithelium, revealing the underlying choroidal vessels.

Other common features include retinal atrophy, particularly in the macular region, which can lead to significant vision loss. Complications such as macular hemorrhage, lacquer cracks (breaks in Bruch’s membrane), choroidal neovascularization (abnormal blood vessel growth), vitreous liquefaction and opacities, and peripheral retinal degeneration can further compromise visual function. These lesions often progress over time, resulting in irreversible vision impairment, and require careful monitoring and management by an Ophthalmologist. 

From the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the occurrence of this condition (“病理性近视变性”) is related to various factors, such as congenital deficiency, Deficiency of the Essence and Qi of the internal organs, prolonged excessive use of the eyes damaging Qi and Blood, dual Deficiency of the Heart and Spleen, and dual Deficiency of the Liver and Kidneys. As the disease progresses, pathological myopia can lead to varying degrees of degenerative fundus lesions, such as vitreous liquefaction and opacity, macular degeneration, and retinal detachment.

Optic Atrophy (OA) represents the degeneration of the optic nerve, the vital pathway conveying visual information from the retina to the brain, resulting from pathological damage to optic nerve fibers, ganglion cells, and their axons caused by various diseases. This degeneration leads to a progressive decline in visual function, characterized by varying degrees of visual dysfunction, including reduced visual acuity, visual field defects (often a concentric narrowing), changes in color vision, and in severe cases, blindness. 

Clinically, OA is classified as primary (descending), where the nerve itself is directly affected, or secondary (ascending), where damage results from other conditions such as increased intracranial pressure, inflammation, or vascular problems. Diagnosis relies on assessing decreased visual acuity, visual field defects, a pale or pallid optic disc, and retinal nerve fiber layer defects. During fundus examination, early signs include a pale optic disc, a pale or pallid optic nerve head with clear margins, narrowed retinal blood vessels, and an indistinct foveal reflex. Effective management of OA depends on identifying and addressing the underlying cause, as reversing the damage is often difficult. 

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Optic Atrophy is referred to as “Qing Mang” (“青盲”), characterized by a pale optic disc, gradual vision loss, and in severe cases, complete blindness. When it occurs in children, it’s called “Pediatric Qing Mang”(小儿青芒).  TCM attributes the pathogenesis of this condition to various factors: emotional depression leading to stagnant Liver Qi, resulting in meridian blockage, obstructed eye orifices, and impaired visual function; congenital deficiency, with Liver and Kidney Deficiency, Essence and Blood insufficiency, failing to nourish the eyes, causing eye orifice atrophy and visual loss; prolonged illness, overexertion, or excessive blood loss, leading to Qi and Blood deficiency, lack of nourishment, resulting in eye orifice atrophy and visual impairment; or trauma to the head and eyes, causing damage to the optic pathways, or brain tumors compressing the optic pathways, leading to blood stasis and obstructed eye orifices, resulting in visual loss. Notably, TCM treatment, including herbal medicine and acupuncture, often demonstrates relatively good efficacy in managing this condition.

Optic Neuritis (ON), the most common optic neuropathy in young and middle-aged adults, is an inflammatory demyelinating condition affecting the optic nerve, leading to acute or subacute unilateral vision loss. This vision loss is often accompanied by eye pain that worsens with movement, decreased color and brightness perception, visual field defects, and a relative afferent pupillary defect. Clinically, it can be categorized into idiopathic, infectious and infection-related, and autoimmune types.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a frequent underlying cause, especially in younger adults, but infections and other inflammatory conditions can also trigger it. Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, fundoscopy, and visual field testing, supplemented by imaging studies like MRI to assess the optic nerve and brain. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and promote recovery, alongside managing any underlying conditions. While many patients experience significant visual recovery, some may have residual visual deficits.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Optic Neuritis is referred to as “Sudden Blindness of the Ocular System” (“目系暴盲”). It is believed that its etiology is complex, including: residual Heat after febrile diseases, emotional abnormalities leading to Liver Qi Stagnation, or physical weakness causing Qi Deficiency, resulting in malnourishment of the eyes.

The specific pathogenesis can be summarized as: external pathogens or emotional disorders leading to internal Liver Fire, which ascends and disturbs the ocular system; excessive sadness or anger leading to Liver dysfunction, Qi Stagnation, and obstruction of the ocular system; febrile diseases damaging Yin or inherent Yin Deficiency, leading to Deficiency Fire ascending and damaging the ocular system; and chronic illness or postpartum Blood Deficiency, leading to Qi and Blood Deficiency, resulting in malnourishment of the ocular system. TCM emphasizes early integration of TCM and Western medicine treatment to rescue vision as soon as possible.

Ptosis, or blepharoptosis, is the medical term for a drooping upper eyelid. This can range from a subtle sag to complete pupil coverage, affecting one or both eyes. It’s classified as either congenital (present at birth, often due to underdeveloped eyelid muscles) or acquired (developing later in life, commonly from aging, muscle or nerve issues, injury, or surgery complications). Treatment, typically surgery, depends on the cause and severity. Seek professional eye care for any noticeable drooping, especially if sudden or accompanied by other symptoms.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), a drooping upper eyelid (“上胞下垂”) is thought to arise from either birth defects, weakened Kidney or Spleen Yang energies, leading to underdeveloped eyelid muscles, or from acquired imbalances. These imbalances may involve Spleen Qi Deficiency, causing poor muscle nourishment, or Dampness and Wind pathogens obstructing the eyelid’s energy pathways. Congenital cases often require surgery, while acquired cases benefit from the combined treatment of herbal medicines and acupuncture.

Retinal Detachment (RD) refers to a pathological condition in which the neuroepithelial layer and the pigment epithelial layer of the retina separate from each other, and it can be divided into primary and secondary types. Primary retinal detachment is caused by retinal breaks and is more common in high myopia, post-cataract surgery, and the elderly. Secondary retinal detachment is secondary to systemic diseases or other eye diseases, and is divided into exudative and tractional types. The former is common in retinal or choroidal tumors, inflammation, vascular lesions, and systemic blood and vascular lesions; the latter is common in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retinal periphlebitis, eye trauma, and multiple intraocular surgeries with scar tissue pulling the retina.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) believes that this disease (“视衣脱离”) is related to the dysfunction of the internal organs, the inability of essence to flow upward, or the invasion of pathogenic factors into the internal organs, which rush to the eyes along the meridians. It can be divided into syndromes such as Damp-Heat trapped in the Spleen, Spleen Deficiency and Dampness, Deficiency of both Spleen and Kidney Yang, Deficiency of both Liver and Kidney Yin, Deficiency of both Qi and Blood, and Blood Stasis in the meridians.

TCM may help support post-operative individuals such as those with slow absorption of effusion or no improvement in vision after surgical retinal repositioning or laser surgery.

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) encompasses a group of inherited disorders that progressively damage the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, leading to a gradual decline in vision. This hereditary retinal disease is characterized by the progressive loss of photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium function, typically manifesting during adolescence and affecting both eyes. The initial symptom is often night blindness, followed by a narrowing of the visual field, creating a “tunnel vision” effect. Characteristic signs include the appearance of dark, bone spicule-shaped pigment deposits in the retina, a waxy pallor of the optic disc, a golden sheen in the posterior pole, and uniform thinning of retinal blood vessels, ultimately resulting in severe vision loss or blindness due to optic nerve atrophy in late stages.

The genetic basis of RP is complex, with various inheritance patterns, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked recessive, and the disease is classified into typical and atypical forms. While there is no cure for RP, current medical management focuses on slowing its progression and managing associated complications. 

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) attributes the pathogenesis of Retinitis Pigmentosa (“高风内障”) primarily to congenital deficiency, obstructed retinal vessels, and weakened visual acuity, which can be categorized into syndromes such as Kidney Yang Deficiency, Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency, and Spleen Qi Deficiency. TCM treatment, based on differential diagnosis and combined with personalized treatments like herbal remedies and acupuncture, aims to address underlying imbalances, potentially stabilizing the condition, slowing its progression, and improving visual function in some patients.

Retinal Vasculitis (RV) is an inflammatory condition affecting the blood vessels of the retina, leading to leakage, blockage, and potential damage. It can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, or remain idiopathic, and manifests with symptoms like blurred vision and floaters. Diagnosis involves eye exams and angiography, while treatment focuses on controlling inflammation with corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, and addressing underlying causes. Untreated retinal vasculitis can result in serious complications like macular edema and vision loss, highlighting the importance of timely ophthalmological evaluation.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this condition is referred to as ‘Network Damage Sudden Blindness’ (“络损暴盲”), a common ophthalmic disease leading to blindness in young and middle-aged adults. Its pathogenesis is complex and varied, primarily including: emotional agitation leading to hyperactivity of Heart and Liver Fire, which ascends and attacks the eyes, damaging the collaterals and causing bleeding; prolonged emotional repression, Liver Qi stagnation transforming into Fire, damaging the collaterals and causing bleeding; and Yin Deficiency due to accumulated Heat, leading to hyperactive Deficiency Fire that ascends and scorches the collaterals, causing blood to escape from the vessels.

TCM treatment emphasizes the balance between ‘Heat’ and Stasis.’ In the early stage of bleeding, the focus is on clearing Heat, cooling Blood, and stopping bleeding, supplemented with resolving stasis. In the middle stage, the focus shifts to activating blood circulation and resolving stasis, supplemented with cooling Blood and stopping bleeding. In the late stage, when Yin Deficiency due to residual Heat is prevalent, the focus is on nourishing Yin and cooling Blood, supplemented with resolving stasis and dispersing nodules.

Uveitis, an inflammation of the uvea (the eye’s middle layer), is a common and potentially vision-threatening ophthalmological condition with complex and often unknown causes, including infections, autoimmune diseases, injuries, and toxins. This inflammation, categorized clinically by location (anterior, intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis), manifests with symptoms like eye redness, pain, blurred vision, light sensitivity, and floaters. Western medical treatment primarily relies on corticosteroids, sometimes supplemented with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants, to manage these symptoms and prevent serious complications like glaucoma, cataracts, and vision loss.

This eye disease, described in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as “Tightened Pupil” or “Dry and Deficient Pupil” (“瞳神紧小、瞳神干缺”), has complex and diverse etiologies and pathogeneses. External Wind-Heat invading the Liver, or Liver Stagnation transforming into Fire leading to exuberant Liver and Gallbladder Fire, attacks the iris, causing damage and resulting in the pupil’s inability to contract normally. Accumulation of external Wind-Dampness transforming into Heat, steaming the iris, can also cause the disease. Furthermore, Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency, or prolonged illness damaging Yin, with Deficiency Fire flaring upward, malnourishes the iris. This, coupled with the scorching effect of Deficiency Fire, leads to a tightened pupil or impaired pupil contraction, even causing adhesion to the lens, forming a dry and deficient pupil. In essence, this disease results from the combined effects of external pathogenic invasion, internal organ imbalance, and Yin Deficiency, leading to iris dysfunction.

Prolonged or high-dose corticosteroid use can lead to metabolic disorders and adrenal insufficiency. Therefore, integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for systemic regulation can mitigate these side effects, enhance treatment efficacy, and reduce recurrence, with treatment typically lasting over 10 months until the inflammation fully resolves.